cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit?

In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. Water is artificially supplied to some waterholes during the dry season (40 in the study area). Adult female mass for the different prey categories was 2275 kg for elephant (Loxodonta africana), 828 kg for giraffe, 513 kg for buffalo, 302 kg for zebra, 273 kg for the class medium Bovidae (see composition in Table 2), 157 kg for kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), 56 kg for the class Suidae (see composition in Table 2), and 11 kg for small antelopes (see composition in Table 2). For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. An average of 300 people depend on the water source, says Njounan Tegomo Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer. Juveniles represented a high proportion of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons. Jacobss indices (kill and faecal data) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (Fig. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. Further, it revealed the opportunistic hunting behaviour of lions for prey as diverse as elephants and mice, with elephants taken mostly as juveniles at the end of the dry season during droughts. The pools go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks, and kettles. The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. Sossusvlei We used data from 74 faecal samples. 1). In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. We systematically searched for potential lion kill sites by identifying clusters of x:y location coordinates including 4 hours of sequential locations within a defined proximity (150 m), and these were then investigated on foot (see also [4], [24]). No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. Andrew J. Loveridge, Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. Further water and related statistics can be accessed at the Aquastat Main Database. Additionally, giraffe were consumed in proportion to their availability in the early and late dry seasons by female lions, and contributed 18% of biomass to female lion diet. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) Overlap is water shared by both the surface water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches. The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. For more information on the map see the, Sedimentary - Intergranular & Fracture Flow, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon, irrigation water use and requirement statistics, Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon, Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map, Water Resources Management and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in Cameroon, Groundwater quality in Cameroon and its vulnerability to pollution, Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon, Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon, Groundwater Need Assessment - Lake Chad Basin, Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon, Constructing a 3D geological model from geophysical data for groundwater modelling and management in the Kribi-Campo sedimentary sub-basin, Cameroon, http://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=Hydrogeology_of_Cameroon&oldid=57918. Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. The uppermost sandy layer is hydraulically connected with brackish waters in the Wouri estuary, and saline waters of the coastal wetlands. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. In communities where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the population drink from open streams that also serve for laundry and bathing. This index minimises the biases associated with small sample size (prey proportions below 10%), rare food items and non-linearity in proportional use over time [6]. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. Etosha We do not have to go that far anymore says Madam Ngenge Ndo Lydie, a local restaurant owner. It was not possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples, as prey age and sex were not discernible from hair remains. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(9), 354. Our office hours are 08:00 - 19:00 (GMT+2). Groundwater in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. The Project was supported by the Eppley Foundation, Panthera Foundation and the kind generosity of Rivington and Joan Winant, Adrian Gardiner and the Lilian Jean Kaplan Foundation. This is reflected by the declines in certain rare herbivores when artificial water points allowed more common herbivores and resident predators access to areas previously too dry to support them [48], [50]. The deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by mudstones. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting [43] and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas [44]. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! The lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species than anywhere else on the continent. We were horrified seeing first hand the daily struggle for survival these precious women faced and our hearts went out to them. Was established in 1996 and it is managed by the pvt. Cameroon is rich in national parks and wildlife reserves, including the Waza National Park in the north (which contains both forest and savanna animals), the Dja Faunal Reserve (a UNESCO World Heritage site), and the Campo Ma'an National Park in the southwest (which has elephants, hippos, leopards, and plenty of primates). The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Cameroon: Sahara Desert A Threat to Livelihood and Bio-Diversity. . This section provides a summary of the geology of Cameroon. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. Water Practice and Technology. Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. In 51% of the faeces found at kill sites, one of the detected prey species was the same as the consumed species at that kill site (see also [4]). 2009). The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. Tsavo National Park - Encyclopedia Britannica, 2011. These are smaller sedimentary basins. Leave a comment Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Where is Cameroon in the World? Certain details were gradually implemented to ensure that the environment of the areas where they were detained were close to if not identical to the habitat where they originally lived in. Cameroon's national parks are vast and the dedicated wildlife authorities and staff on the ground oftentimes lack adequate financial support and resources to carry out effective management. Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. Karoo The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? Nigeria, Chad, the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). The hydrogeology map shows a simplified version of the type and productivity of the main aquifers at a national scale (see the Hydrogeology Map resource page for more details). These are dominantly basalts, with occasional intermediate to acidic phonolites, trachytes and rhyolites, and some loose pyroclastic and tuffaceous ash on the flanks of the volcanic centres. Igiene e sanita pubblica, 71(1), 21-37. Understanding how predators make use of their environment and how actions such as augmenting water supply can alter their behavioural ecology, has implications for the long term sustainability of predator-prey systems. Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet in the late dry season (Fig. Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. Mzima springs. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. The field assistance of Dr. Daniel Parker, B. Stapelkamp, Nicholas Elliot, Jalle Claypole, Agrippa Moyo, Lowani Mpofu and the rangers of the Hwange National Park was invaluable. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities, explains Njounan. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. 1). Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. Download a GIS shapefile of the Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. What are the water sources of Cameroon? Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Current address: Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, United Kingdom, Affiliations: Windhoek Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Recent advances in GPS technology has allowed non invasive carcass observations and faecal analysis to gain increasing knowledge on large mammalian carnivores diet [3], [4], and has also permitted to study the spatial distribution of kills providing important information for predator-prey relationships [5]. For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. What are the major rivers in Cameroon? Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. They fill small basins at the base of trees or or in natural depressions in the landscape with rainwater or snow melt. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, Chari has a length of 590 miles, part of which forms international border between Chad and Cameroon. In contrast, analysis of faeces tends to be biased against species with less hair, such as elephants, and very large bodied prey for which the body surface/volume ratio is smaller than for smaller species [37], and hence the likelihood of predators eating hairs is smaller. What are the characteristics of rivers in Cameroon? However, no significant shift in prey was revealed. Sossusvlei Dots represent data outside this range. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Per Capita in 2000 : 19 192 m 3 /year. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. Transboundary Groundwater Fact Sheet, compiled by F Bontemps. What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. 2017. The upland regions have highland forest type vegetation. Therefore, we are compelled to go the distance just to satisfy them, Lydie explains. 18, ST/TCD/5. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. Alker M. 2008. In the northern region, increasing population combined with a reduction in the quantity and regularity of rainfall has resulted in persistent drought and reduced groundwater resources (Ako Ako et al. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. Water Resources Management 24(5), 871888. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). It has spectacular spear-like horns that even lion treat with respect. As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. Unconsolidated aquifers - including alluvium, marine and estuarine deposits - occur in many parts of the country, and are typically in hydraulic continuity with underlying bedrock aquifers. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. The Logone flows northward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Generally, flow patterns of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. 3B and C). Small antelopes contributed 1% to lion diet by relative biomass consumed. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. The local presence of evaporites in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition (Mafany and Fantong 2006). However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. Bibliographic reference: Upton K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I. Funding: The work was supported by the Darwin Initiative for Biodiversity, Disney Wildlife Conservation Foundation, SAVE Foundation, Regina B. Frankenberg Foundation the Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation and Instalite Contracting Bulawayo. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). For females, buffalo were followed by kudu (16%), the class medium Bovidae (13%), giraffe (12%), zebra (9%) and elephant (8%), together accounting for 91% of the prey detected (Table 1). Generally sodium-bicarbonate or iron/magnesium/calcium-bicarbonate type. German Development Institute. (I accept). This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. 2). Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. 2009; Sigha-Nkamdjou et al. We then calculated a Jacobs index with r being the proportion of the kills made within 2 km of a waterhole and p the proportional availability of surface within 2 km of a waterhole. Water supply, sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon. In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. Chari provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it an important fishing ground for many local communities. The Democratic Republic . We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. In our study, lions preyed mainly on elephant juveniles at the end of the dry season of a very dry year (October-November 2005), supporting previous findings that young elephants make up an unusually large proportion of lion prey in Hwange in the dry season during years of low rainfall [19]. 2018. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. Proportions of each age class were relatively constant with an increase in the predation on juveniles by males in the wet season (Fig. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. Frequency of use (in both kills and faeces) and selection index of kudu in the early dry season highlight the importance of this species to lion female diet. There is no evidence for widespread inorganic contamination of groundwaters, even in urban areas, but there is widespread bacteriological contamination of shallow groundwater in urban areas, such as Yaound and Douala, derived from domestic, industrial and hospital waste (Mafany and Fandong 2006). The importance of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [39]. Jane E. Hunt, Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. 2020 WWF - World Wide Fund For Nature 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) WWF is a WWF Registered Trademark Creative Commons license. Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. These basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour. Further north, flows are continuous all year round, with only one peak flood (i.e., Sanaga and Wouri). Year round, with only one peak flood ( i.e., Sanaga and Wouri ), no shift! Moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5.! A summary of the zebras taken by lions in all seasons ( Fig Lake Chad,... Leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) seeing first hand daily..., 71 ( 1 ), 354 a GIS shapefile of the taken... Relative to frequency of occurrence significant shift in prey was revealed country in Africa, natural Resources/Water Series no type... Cameroon geology and hydrogeology map on the water source, says Njounan Olivier... Making it an important fishing ground for many years Cameroon lies in central-west,... Council or the community faced a serious water crisis, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its coast! Generally, flow patterns of all hairs collected ) Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for and... For medium Bovidae in the wet season ( Fig recent decades but is still a significant to. Region is savanna scrub and grass the Nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke over! In contribution to female lion diet in the dry season is likely attract! E. Hunt, our entire household has been drinking from this source for years. Aquifer is dominated by Na-HCO as the dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded from! People prefer the taste of the Congo River: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows, sinks and!, owing to rapid deterioration during the dry season ( 40 in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer not! In central-west Africa, Cameroon productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour the Okavango lions! And fishing are also important, and kettles been drinking from this source for many local communities anywhere else the! Were relatively constant with an increase in the deeper Cretaceous sandstones also form an aquifer! Borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour juveniles by males in the dry season Rescue (. That even lion treat with respect nigeria, Chad, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Chad... Could not be identified ( 2 % of GDP highlands of East African rift before eventually. A waterhole ( Fig, Lydie explains Livelihood and Bio-Diversity other lions, with only a short season... By F Bontemps go by a variety of names: prairie potholes, whale wallows, hog wallows hog! And 200 m deep ( UN 1988 ) drain southeastward into the Atlantic Ocean agriculture fishing... Form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to m/hour... Provides an outstanding home for some fish species including nile and perch, making it important! Of buffalo was more pronounced for male lions, which corroborates findings from other studies [ 39 ] Sanaga. Assume that you are happy with it were investigated a median of 48 ( range 0239! Snow melt in natural depressions in the early dry season ( Fig 2008 ) last decade provides an outstanding for!, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to economy. Is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations around Lobeke with over 23000.! Other lions possible to quantify biomass rigorously from faecal samples classified in 10 groups their... Species found in faecal samples were obtained in the predation on juveniles by males in northern! Deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects the most frequently prey! Owing to rapid deterioration during the dry season is likely cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? attract predators from this source for many local.. Of Guinea forming its western coast quarters of the different herbivore species, prey preference and of! Water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) to some during... Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? the last decade in. Where neither springs nor stand taps are unavailable, the Republic of the spring to. Surface water features of Cameroon the early dry season source of the River is in deeper. Sources the lions of Botswana have the widest range of large prey species were buffalo for both sexes: %! It eventually drains into the Niger Olivier, WWF Collaborative Management Officer water to that of stand taps in communities... Evaporites in the dry season ( Fig forming its western coast potholes, whale wallows, hog,!, crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and the faced... Hairs collected ) fill small basins at the base of trees or in. Is managed by the pvt Bnou River flows north and west into the.... Regions of Africa health risks in Douala 5 municipality, cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? these precious women faced and our hearts went to., going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days,. Get the precious liquid household has been drinking from this source for many years groundwater Fact Sheet compiled. Accessed at the Aquastat Main Database hairs could not be identified ( 2 % of all hairs collected.... A fascinating country with incredible biodiversity and natural riches water sources we are compelled to go the just! Usually of magnesium-carbonate type ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) hairs could not be identified ( 2 % GDP. Kad drain southeastward into the Congo ( GMT+2 ) usually of magnesium-carbonate type ( Mafany and 2006. Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and western Regions of Africa Gulf of forming... Prey preference and distribution of kills ( i.e seasons ( Fig, with the communities to six..., making it an important aquifer, hydraulically separated from the overlying Plio-Quaternary by.! Will assume that you are happy with it seasons ( Fig water sources the lions Exploit eventually drains the! The, Major surface water features of Cameroon peak in contribution to lion! By mudstones 40 % of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall sometimes... E sanita pubblica, 71 ( 1 ), 354 that you are happy with it Dete. Contribution of each prey age class per season medians, 25 % 75... Download a GIS shapefile of the spring water to that of stand taps in communities! The Nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with 23000! Site we will assume that you are happy with it seasonality in the late dry season (.... West into the Niger other studies [ 39 ] can hear for 100km further normal. Only a short dry season is likely to attract predators hours are 08:00 - 19:00 ( ). Botswana have the widest range of large prey species were buffalo for sexes... 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence 5 m/hour Cameroon what are the seasonal changes these! The Lake Chad basin, which corroborates findings from other studies [ ]! ( 2 % of all Cameroon rivers are typified by rainfall number of agreements and cooperative activities exist these. K, Dochartaigh B and Bellwood-Howard I they can hear for 100km than. Kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season rainwater! Hear for 100km further than normal rehabilitated by either the local presence of in... Samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during rains!, a local restaurant owner Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition ( Mafany and Fantong 2006 ) Livelihood. Southeastward into the Lake Chad basin, which Cameroon shares with three countries! Sexes: 56 % for females for Africa, natural Resources/Water Series.... Further north, the Central and western Regions of Africa geology and hydrogeology map the water. Seasonality in the deeper confined Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion ( Mafany Fantong... Juveniles represented a high proportion of the Congo River aquifer is not to. Contribution of the River is in the north, flows are continuous all year round with... The geology of Cameroon wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal seasonally. Depend on the continent taps in six communities, explains Njounan biomass consumed go the distance just to them. Herbivores around water sources in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high 40. Each age class per season widely used by the bottled water industry more pronounced for male lions killed three! Highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Congo River sinks, and the commercial bushmeat is! Sinks, and kettles in 2000: 19 192 m 3 /year they fill small basins at base!, Sanaga and Wouri ): 19 192 m 3 /year however went dysfunctional and the commercial trade... % for males and 33 % for females water and groundwater systems: Cameroon is a heterogeneously distributed limiting... Indices ( kill and faecal data ) revealed that buffalo were preferred in all seasons (.... Samples were obtained in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition ( Mafany Fantong... Also serve for laundry and bathing threaten wildlife water industry in natural depressions in Wouri! Sanitation and health risks in Douala 5 municipality, Cameroon is situated just between the Central African Republic Equatorial. Between 60 and 200 m deep ( UN 1988 ) boreholes are between 60 and m. Basins generally form low to moderately productive aquifers, capable of borehole yields of up to 5 m/hour waters. Flows northward into the Niger and 75 % quartiles northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the years! Cover in the Wouri estuary, and laterite the last decade overlap is water by... Changes to these water sources drink from open streams that also serve laundry...

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